Emerging Role of Flavonoids as the Treatment of Depression

Depression is one of the most frequently observed psychological disorders, affecting thoughts, feelings, behavior and a sense of well-being in person. As per the WHO, it is projected to be the primitive cause of various other diseases by 2030. Clinically, depression is treated by various types of synthetic medicines that have several limitations such as side-effects, slow-onset action, poor remission and response rates due to complicated pathophysiology involved with depression. Further, clinically, patients cannot be given the treatment unless it affects adversely the job or family. In addition, synthetic drugs are usually single targeted drugs. Unlike synthetic medicaments, there are many plants that have flavonoids and producing action on multiple molecular targets and exhibit anti-depressant action by affecting multiple neuronal transmissions or pathways such as noradrenergic, serotonergic, GABAnergic and dopaminergic; inhibition of monoamine oxidase and tropomyosin receptor kinase B; simultaneous increase in nerve growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Such herbal drugs with flavonoids are likely to be useful in patients with sub-clinical depression. This review is an attempt to analyze pre-clinical studies, structural activity relationship and characteristics of reported isolated flavonoids, which may be considered for clinical trials for the development of therapeutically useful antidepressant

Estimating Minimum Heat output from a geothermal field using simple chemical parameters

Abstrac

An energy efficient and trust aware framework for secure routing in leach for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an advanced technology and has been used widely in many applications such as health monitoring, environment monitoring, military purpose etc. Nature of this network is that they are often placed in an open environment and are susceptible to various attacks. Traditional cryptography methods are not supportable in WSNs as they have high energy and resource constraints. Trust management has been proved to be an effective measure to enhance security as well as to handle threats for WSNs. Trust can be defined as level of reliableness in a node. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering (LEACH) is a cluster based routing protocol for WSN which is superior to direct communication protocol and known for its minimum transmission energy. However, LEACH itself has some limitations related to security. In this paper, an energy efficient and trust aware framework for secure routing in LEACH (EETA-LEACH), has been proposed that improves LEACH protocol by introducing trust to provide secure routing, while maintaining originality of LEACH protocol. This approach is a combination of trust-based routing module and trust management module that works together to select trusted Cluster Head (CH). The simulation results demonstrate that proposed scheme is better in terms of network lifetime and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). It is verified that malicious nodes will not be selected as CH and trust value of a malicious node decreases with time.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Order/Disorder and <i>in Situ</i> Oxide Defect Control in the Bixbyite Phase YPrO_3+δ (0 ≤ δ < 0.5)

The YPrO_3+δ system is a nearly ideal model system for the investigation of oxide defect creation and annihilation in oxide ion conductor related phases with potential applications as solid state electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells. The formation, structure, high temperature reactivity, and magnetic susceptibility of phase pure YPrO_3+δ (0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.46) are reported. The topotactic reduction and oxidation of the YPrO_3+δ system was investigated by powder X-ray <i>in situ</i> diffraction experiments and revealed bixbyite structures (space group: <i>Ia</i>3̅) throughout the series. Combined neutron and X-ray data clearly show oxygen uptake and removal. The research provides a detailed picture of the Y³⁺/Pr³⁺/Pr⁴⁺ sublattice evolution in response to the redox chemistry. Upon oxidation, cation site splitting is observed where the cation in the (¹/₄, ¹/₄, ¹/₄) position migrates along the body diagonal to the (<i>x</i>, <i>x</i>, <i>x</i>) position. Any oxygen in excess of YPrO_3.0 is located in the additional 16<i>c</i> site without depopulating the original 48<i>e</i> site. The <i>in situ</i> X-ray diffraction data and thermal gravimetric analysis have revealed the reversible topotactic redox reactivity at low temperatures (below 425 °C) for all compositions from YPrO₃ to YPrO_3.46. Magnetic susceptibility studies were utilized in order to further confirm praseodymium oxidation states. The linear relation between the cubic unit cell parameter and oxygen content allows for the straightforward determination of oxygen stoichiometry from X-ray diffraction data. The different synthesis strategies reported here are rationalized with the structural details and the reactivity of YPrO_3+δ phases and provide guidelines for the targeted synthesis of these functional materials

Scanning of a Double-Sided Germanium Strip Detector

This work presents the results from the characterization of a Position-Sensitive Planar Germanium (PSPGe) detector. The PSPGe detector is a double-sided orthogonal strip detector consisting of 10x10 electrical segmentation along the horizontal and vertical directions. The characterization was performed using the coincidence setup between the PSPGe detector and the well-characterized scanning system employing the positron annihilation correlation principle. The scanning system consists of a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) and 22Na positron source. The main objective of this study is to deploy PSPGe detector for future decay experiments at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Germany. The measurements have been performed to find the depth of gamma-ray interaction in the planar segmented detector. The 2-Dimensional image obtained from the PSD has been used to find the depth of gamma-ray interaction in the planar strip detector using pulse shape analysis. In addition, the sensitivity of PSPGe detector has been investigated by calculating the rise-time from pulse shapes for the front and back strips of the detector

Structure and Magnetic Properties of KRuO₄

The crystal structure of KRuO₄ is refined at both 280 and 3.5 K from neutron powder data, and magnetic properties are reported for the first time. The scheelite structure, <i>I</i>4₁/<i>a</i>, is confirmed at both temperatures. Atomic positions of greater accuracy than the original 1954 X-ray study are reported. The rare Ru⁷⁺ ion resides in a site of distorted tetrahedral symmetry with nominal electronic configuration 4d¹(e¹). Curie–Weiss parameters are near free ion values for the effective moment and θ = −77 K, indicating dominant antiferromagnetic (AF) correlations. A broad susceptibility maximum occurs near 34 K, but long-range AF order sets in only below 22.4 K as determined by magnetization and heat capacity data. The entropy loss below 50 K is only 44% of the expected <i>R</i> ln 2, indicating the presence of short-range spin correlations over a wide temperature range. The Ru sublattice consists of centered, corner-sharing tetrahedra which can lead to geometric frustration if both the nearest-neighbor, <i>J</i>₁, and the next-nearest-neighbor, <i>J</i>₂, exchange constants are AF and of similar magnitude. A spin dimer analysis finds <i>J</i>₁/<i>J</i>₂ ≈ 25, indicating weak frustration, and a (d_<i>z</i>²)¹ ground state. A single, weak magnetic reflection was indexed as (110). The absence of the (002) magnetic reflection places the Ru moments parallel to the <i>c</i> axis. The Ru⁷⁺ moment is estimated to be 0.57(7) μ_B, reduced from an expected value near 1 μ_B. A recent computational study of isostructural, isoelectronic KOsO₄ predicts a surprisingly large orbital moment due to spin–orbit coupling (SOC). However, the free ion SOC constant for Ru⁷⁺ is only ∼30% that of Os⁷⁺, so it is unclear that this effect can be implicated in the low ordered moment for KRuO₄. The origin of the short-range spin correlations is also not understood

Structure and Magnetic Properties of KRuO₄

The crystal structure of KRuO₄ is refined at both 280 and 3.5 K from neutron powder data, and magnetic properties are reported for the first time. The scheelite structure, <i>I</i>4₁/<i>a</i>, is confirmed at both temperatures. Atomic positions of greater accuracy than the original 1954 X-ray study are reported. The rare Ru⁷⁺ ion resides in a site of distorted tetrahedral symmetry with nominal electronic configuration 4d¹(e¹). Curie–Weiss parameters are near free ion values for the effective moment and θ = −77 K, indicating dominant antiferromagnetic (AF) correlations. A broad susceptibility maximum occurs near 34 K, but long-range AF order sets in only below 22.4 K as determined by magnetization and heat capacity data. The entropy loss below 50 K is only 44% of the expected <i>R</i> ln 2, indicating the presence of short-range spin correlations over a wide temperature range. The Ru sublattice consists of centered, corner-sharing tetrahedra which can lead to geometric frustration if both the nearest-neighbor, <i>J</i>₁, and the next-nearest-neighbor, <i>J</i>₂, exchange constants are AF and of similar magnitude. A spin dimer analysis finds <i>J</i>₁/<i>J</i>₂ ≈ 25, indicating weak frustration, and a (d_<i>z</i>²)¹ ground state. A single, weak magnetic reflection was indexed as (110). The absence of the (002) magnetic reflection places the Ru moments parallel to the <i>c</i> axis. The Ru⁷⁺ moment is estimated to be 0.57(7) μ_B, reduced from an expected value near 1 μ_B. A recent computational study of isostructural, isoelectronic KOsO₄ predicts a surprisingly large orbital moment due to spin–orbit coupling (SOC). However, the free ion SOC constant for Ru⁷⁺ is only ∼30% that of Os⁷⁺, so it is unclear that this effect can be implicated in the low ordered moment for KRuO₄. The origin of the short-range spin correlations is also not understood